Heat the oil in a large pot or Dutch oven set over medium-high heat. Add the onions, carrots, celery, garlic, salt, pepper, and red pepper flakes. Cook, stirring, until the veggies are softened and tender, about 10 minutes.
Add the farro and cook, stirring, toasting the farro a bit, about 2 minutes.
Pour in the white wine and cook, simmering, until the wine reduces by half, 3 to 4 minutes. Add the broth, thyme bundle, rosemary, cheese rind, and drained chickpeas. Stir and bring to a rapid simmer, about 10 minutes.
Reduce the heat to a gentle simmer and cook, about medium-low heat, covered, until the farro and chickpeas are tender, 20 to 25 minutes.
Remove the thyme bundle and Parmesan rind. Stir in the escarole, grated Parmesan, and lemon juice. Continue to cook, simmering lightly, until the escarole is wilted and the Parmesan is well combined and melted into the soup, about 3 minutes.
To serve, ladle into bowls and drizzle with a little extra virgin olive oil, a sprinkle of grated Parmesan cheese, and a few cracks of black pepper. Enjoy!